古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤盐分与碳酸钙积累机制

干旱区湖泊是维持生态脆弱区环境平衡的重要载体,随着环境变化和人类对水土资源的不合理利用,我国干旱区湖泊日渐萎缩、干涸直至消失。湖泊干涸过程中,地下水位持续下降,风积物不断加积,土壤演化过程随之发生变化,但关于湖泊沉积物发育土壤演化特征的研究十分匮乏。本研究结合土壤发生学和地球化学方法分析了古日乃湖盆沉积物发育土壤的盐分与碳酸钙积累特征与机制。结果表明：盐分积累是古日乃湖盆土壤形成的主要特征,盐化土壤表层水溶性盐含量、Na~+浓度和钠吸附比分别为13.15～650.50 g·kg^-1、186.9～12 114.7 mmol·L^-1、22.3～890.5(mmol·L^-1)^1/2,土壤具有高含盐量、高Na~+浓度与高钠吸附比,表现出强度盐化特征。古日乃湖盆干涸,土壤积盐过程由现代盐化向残积盐化演化,盐分类型由氯化物型、氯化物-硫酸盐型向硫酸盐-氯化物型、硫酸盐型转变。借助于与Ca地球化学行为相似的Sr同位素组成分析,表明土壤碳酸钙以次生碳酸钙为主,其占比超过碳酸钙总量的80%;土壤碳酸钙主要来源于母质和...     

基于离散元法的茶园仿生铲减阻性能研究

针对茶园土壤板结较为严重、行距小、耕作阻力大且易使耕作机构发生缠绕等问题,提出了一种基于离散元法的仿生铲,并对其进行减阻性能研究。使用离散元仿真与试验结合的方法对茶园板结土壤的物理参数进行测量。以鼹鼠爪趾为原型,结合其挖掘动作,设计出基于四杆机构的耕作机构,并使用离散元的方法研究鼹鼠爪趾的趾尖、趾廓及两者复合的仿生特征的减阻效果。离散元仿真结果表明,在各个耕作条件下,趾尖仿生特征的平均扭矩减小比例和功耗减少比例分别为1.72%~5.04%和1.58%~4.84%,趾廓仿生特征的平均扭矩减小比例和功耗减少比例分别为34.06%~39.29%和29.02%~34.73%,复合仿生特征的平均扭矩减小比例和功耗减少比例分别为36.61%~42.06%和30.84%~38.15%,说明趾尖和趾廓两个仿生特征的减阻效果在一定程度上可以叠加,复合后的仿生特征有更好的减阻效果。     

Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus(P)fractionation as well as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shallow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P(Fe/Al-P), Ca bound P(Ca-P), solute and reductive P(S/R-P) and organic P(OP). Curve estimation and Pearson product-moment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P(TP) content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P(IP) was the major component of TP,of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the following order: Ca-P(51%) OP(29%) S/R-P(8%) Fe/Al-P(7%). The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11- 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shallow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatially monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations among TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.     

鄱阳湖流域典型湿地植物需水规律研究

湿地植被需水量是维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和湿地植被正常生长,保障湿地系统生态功能正常发挥所需的水量。选取鄱阳湖流域8种典型湿地植物:藜蒿、菖蒲、美人蕉、茭白、高秆灯芯草、西伯利亚鸢尾、白莲、莲藕,于2013年在江西省灌溉试验中心站人工湿地试验场开展试验,分析了不同湿地植物全生育期需水量及其生育阶段和日变化规律,得到不同湿地植物的作物系数。结果表明,在湿地植物需水高峰期的5-10月,8种湿地植被日均需水量变化范围为4.3~6.1mm,其中菖蒲最高为6.1mm,白莲最低为4.3mm。经测定,湿地日均渗漏量为1.3mm;全生育期湿地植被需水量变化范围为800~1 125.6mm,是平均值的0.86倍至1.21倍;8种湿地植物全生育期作物系数变化范围为1.8~2.4,其中菖蒲最高为2.4,白莲和莲藕最低为1.8,而藜蒿、高杆灯芯草和西伯利亚鸢尾的全生育期作物系数为2.0左右,对照处理作物系数保持在1.7。本文研究结果为鄱阳湖流域不同湿地植物需水规律分析及其计算提供了依据。     

水生生物在湖泊生态除磷修复中的影响

研究了不同水深的洞庭湖区芦苇对湖泊中磷的净化效果。结果表明,芦苇在降低湖水磷含量中发挥着 重要作用。生长旺季,浅水区和深水区的芦苇根区总磷最高去除率分别为55%和25%以上,表层去除率分别为35% 和20%;在枯萎期,根区的总磷去除率也能分别达到30%和20%以上,表层仍能保持15%。结果表明,通过适时收割 芦苇,可有效降低湖水中总磷含量。     

青海湖流域高寒草原对放牧时间的响应

以青海湖北岸刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场高寒草原为研究对象,对比研究传统放牧样地与牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧样地中植被群落的特征变化,为缓解青海湖流域高寒草原生态退化提供新的措施.采用野外随机样方调查方法,在刚察县哈尔盖镇冬春草场选定常规放牧与牧草返青前至种子脱落后放牧试验样地进行草地群落特征数据调查.研究表明:牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能显著提高高寒草原群落盖度与地上生物量;同时,放牧时间改变对高寒草原植物群落伴生种组成有一定影响,主要表现为优良牧草重要值显著增加,常规放牧时间下耐牧性品种占优;此外,放牧时间改变对群落丰富度有显著影响,但对群落多样性及均匀度没有显著影响.可见,牧草返青前-种子成熟脱落后再放牧能缓解高寒草原生态退化.     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON>NO₃^--N>NH₄⁺-N,大田为NO₃^--N>SON>NH₄⁺-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO₃^--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

南四湖的水生生物和渔业生态初析

南四湖是指位于山东省南部的微山、昭阳、独山和南阳四个湖,现有水面11.9万公顷。目前的平均鱼产量是94.05公斤/公顷。1983—1984 年我省对该湖进行了全面的渔业资源调查。南四湖的溶氧含量平均为 8.71毫克/升,pH为 7.1—9.7。湖水中的磷酸盐是0.0108毫克/升,三态氮是0.465 毫克/升。水生维管束植物的生物量是 2584.2毫克/米~2,浮游植物和浮游动物的平均生物量分别为1.709和0.601毫克/升,底栖动物的平均生物量是92.65克/米~2。鱼类的优势种类是鲫鱼、黄颡鱼、乌鳢、红鳍鲌、长春编、鲶鱼、鲤鱼。并为开发它们提出了初步建议。     

Insights into an undescribed high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) on Volcán Llullaillaco: A physical and microbiological view

1. High elevation lakes are extreme ecosystems and serve as sentinels of various global changes.
2. An expedition to Volcán Llullaillaco in 1996 discovered an unstudied high-elevation lake (6,170 m a.s.l.) that probably was formed as a result of the past eruptive events or climatic processes such as glacial retreat in the lake basin.
3. This article describes an initial physical characterization of the lake and its microbial communities derived from two sampling expeditions in 2013 and 2016.
4. The microbial community in the lake, with an area between 1.2 and 1.4 ha and a depth of 6.8 m, was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Haloarchaea. In addition, 26 bacterial isolates were identified within the genera Subtercola, Xylophilus, Rhodanobacter, Mesorhizobium and Pseudomonas.
5. Lago Llullaillaco is one of the highest recorded lakes in the world, and this study highlights the unique microbial diversity of this aquatic ecosystem and the importance of its preservation to understand the complex biological processes under polyextreme conditions.